Wastani: Kupaka rangi (rangi) kati ni tawi muhimu sana la tasnia nzuri ya kemikali. Maendeleo ya wasaidizi wa kati. Uzalishaji wa China wa viambatisho vya kupaka rangi na rangi umeendelezwa kwa kiasi kikubwa tangu miaka ya 1950. Katika miaka michache iliyopita, uzalishaji wa rangi ya kati na rangi ya rangi imekuwa mkali zaidi na zaidi, na kumekuwa na ubunifu katika teknolojia ya uzalishaji. Tumefanya mafanikio katika maeneo kadhaa, kama vile utafiti, matumizi mapya ya aina za zamani na ulinzi wa mazingira, na tumepitisha mchakato safi wa utengenezaji wa rangi na viunga vya rangi. .

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Maendeleo ya matumizi ya kati

Kwa kweli, matumizi ya intermediates ni multifaceted maendeleo, aina fulani ya intermediates kutumika katika dyes kuitwa dye intermediates, na kutumika katika dawa, dawa, na kadhalika. Pia huitwa dawa, dawa za kati. Inapaswa kuzingatiwa kama tawi la tasnia nzuri ya kemikali kwa ujumla, haipaswi kugawanywa kwa ukali katika viunga vya rangi, viunga vya dawa, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu. , viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu. vya kati, viuatilifu vya kati, viuatilifu, viuatilifu, viuatilifu vya kati Viatu vya kati, vya kati vya dawa, ambavyo vitapunguza matumizi mbalimbali ya baadhi ya viuatilifu na kuathiri maendeleo yao.

Utafiti mzuri wa kemikali za kati una sifa ya aina nyingi, isipokuwa kwa aina chache za kiwango cha uzalishaji ni kubwa sana, aina nyingi za tani sio kubwa sana, lakini mchakato wa utayarishaji mara nyingi ni mgumu zaidi, unaohusisha athari nyingi za kitengo na mgawanyiko. uzalishaji wa kiasi kikubwa cha "taka tatu" zinahitaji kushughulikiwa ipasavyo. Kwa hivyo, tunapaswa kushiriki katika utafiti wa mchakato wa bidhaa za serial, shirika linalofaa la wapatanishi ili kupata ufanisi mzuri wa uzalishaji.

Kutoka kwa hali ya kigeni, utafiti na uzalishaji wa wa kati huwa na kujilimbikizia vizuri ili kufikia uzalishaji wa serial. aina chache hadi dazeni za wapatanishi, utafiti na uzalishaji kama huo ni rahisi kutekelezwa kupitia maendeleo ya jumla na kupitishwa kwa teknolojia mpya. Tutapata matokeo mara mbili na nusu ya juhudi. Tunaweza kurejelea hali ya Japani, ambapo uzalishaji wa wapatanishi ulikuwa umegawanyika sana, kuanzia miaka ya 1960. Imerekebishwa na kujilimbikizia mara saba.

Kupitia mabadiliko na maendeleo, tasnia ya kati ya rangi na rangi ya China imefikia kiwango cha juu zaidi katika suala la kiwango cha uzalishaji, teknolojia na kiwango cha vifaa, ambayo haiwezi tu kukidhi mahitaji ya maendeleo ya tasnia ya rangi ya ndani na rangi, lakini pia kutoa bidhaa bora zaidi za kati. nchi za nje.

Malighafi zinazohitajika kwa usanifu wa kati hupatikana hasa kutoka kwa bidhaa za tasnia ya kemikali ya mafuta ya petroli na coking, ambayo nyingi ni benzini, naphthalene, naphthalene na naphthalene. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, rangi za kikaboni zilizoandaliwa kutoka kwa heterocyclic intermediates zimekuwa zikiongezeka. Aidha, phenanthrene, pyridine, florini oksijeni, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl mfululizo misombo, hizi tata malighafi kutumika kwa utengenezaji wa dyestuff. Matumizi ya malighafi ya syntetisk yataenea zaidi na ya kawaida.

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Athari za kawaida za kemikali zinazotumiwa kwa wa kati

Athari za kawaida za kemikali zinazotumiwa kusindika malighafi kuwa viunga vya tasnia ya kupaka rangi (rangi) ni kama ifuatavyo.

(1) mmenyuko wa sulfonani
(2) Athari za nitrification
(3) Miitikio ya halojeni
(4) Kupunguza mmenyuko kuandaa amino
(5) Miitikio ya Diazotization (mara nyingi huambatana na athari za kuunganisha)
(6) Uingizwaji wa vikundi vya asidi ya sulfoniki katika vikundi vya haidroksili kwa athari za kuyeyuka kwa alkali
(7) Athari za uchangamfu
(8) Athari za oksidi
(9) Unyunyuzishaji na athari za kaboni
(10) Miitikio ya kunusa (hasa amino)
(11) Athari zinazoweza kubadilishwa za vikundi vya haidroksili na amino
(12) Hydroxylation ya hidroksili au vikundi vya amino

Kulingana na muundo wa pete ya kunukia ya viambatanishi vyema vya kemikali, vinaweza kuainishwa katika aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic na mnene. Mfumo wa pete. Nchi yetu inaweza kuzalisha zaidi ya aina 400 za benzini, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic na viambatanisho vingine vya upakaji rangi na rangi, ambavyo kimsingi vinaweza kukidhi mahitaji ya mahitaji ya maendeleo ya sekta ya Upakaji rangi na rangi.

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Aina kuu za mfumo wa benzini

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylanilini, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroanilini, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroanilini, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD asidi, p-aminophenetole, asidi ya CTL, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hidrokwinoni, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine , N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4- methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl- aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, nk.

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Aina kuu za naphthalene za kati

2-naphthol, H-asidi, K-asidi, 2,3-asidi, 2,6-asidi, asidi ya thujaplic, oksijeni 6-nitro-1,2,4. J-asidi, asidi ya periki, asidi ya gamma, chumvi ya G, chumvi ya R, asidi ya amino K, asidi 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfoniki, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic asidi, 2R-asidi na kadhalika. Anthraquinone za kati ni pamoja na: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-asidi, nk. Anthraquinone, 1. ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, nk.

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Aina kuu za heterocyclic na dense-cyclic

Kloridi ya sianuriki, asidi ya barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-ethyl3-hydropyridopyridoksi. -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! anhidridi ya tetracarboxylic, nk.